The And Pathophysiology Of Diabetes - 1793 Words

Diabetes mellitus is becoming an increasingly prevalent chronic disease which affects not only the sufferer, but also affects their family, society and numerous healthcare disciplines. According to the International Diabetes Federation (2013), an astounding 382 million people worldwide are living with diabetes. There are several different sub-types of this disease which include: Type 1 (T1DM), Type 2 (T2DM) and Gestational diabetes mellitus. Within Australia, an enormous 85.3% of the population living with this disease are suffering from T2DM (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012). These statistics highlight the severity of T2DM as it is rapidly becoming the type of greater concern, especially since this â€Å"adult-onset† disease is becoming†¦show more content†¦(Mazze, Strock, Simonsen, Bergenstal, 2004, p. 81). Obesity is another condition which can result in metabolic syndromes which also play a role in the development of T2DM along with other diseases including coronary heart disease, all of which are major contributors to patient morbidity and mortality (Craft Gordon, 2011, p. 1068). Pathophysiology As previously mentioned, T2DM is characterised by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance within peripheral tissues such as muscle, liver, and adipose tissues (Mazze, Strock, Simonson, Bergenstal, 2004, p. 79). It was also noted that other conditions, namely obesity, were recognised to be positively correlated to the progression of T2DM. Insulin deficiency refers to when a person fails to secrete adequate levels of insulin during digestion of meals (Naseem et al., 2012). Producing adequate levels of insulin is essential for being able to overcome the increase of glucose levels in the body while eating, this is achieved by sending signals to the liver to reduce its production of endogenous glucose. However, after prolonged exposure to this disease, this affects the ability of ÃŽ ²-cells to respond to rises in glucose levels. (Mazze, Strock, Simonson, Bergenstal, 2004, p. 80). Located in the pancreas, ÃŽ ²-cells, or Beta cells, are responsible for the production and storage of insulin (Resnick, 2014). Insulin resistance, however, occurs when insulin receptors within cells of the bodyShow MoreRelatedPathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Diabetes Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellites(DM), is a deficiency of insulin action causing hyperglycemia. The majority of DM have a decreased secretion of the cells, insulin resistance, or counterregulatory hormones( McPhee Hammer, 2010). Insulin is synthesized from the beta cells from the pancreases. Composed from A peptide and B peptide connected to C peptide and disulfide bonds. Insulin is a hormone that aids in metabolism. encourages glucose uptake and the synthesis works mainlyRead MorePathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2103 Words   |  9 PagesPathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases. The body is unable to produce or absorb sufficient amounts of insulin. This causes elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The pancreas normally produces insulin which regulates the level of glucose in the blood as 1)well as how its used. Glucose is vital to your health because its an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. Its also your brains main source ofRead MorePathophysiology And Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus Type 21474 Words   |  6 PagesPathophysiology and Pharmacology of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic condition that millions of people around the world suffer from. It is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas, it regulates the level of glucose in the bloodstream and supports the body with breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When people have diabetes, the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or cells don’t respond to the insulin that is producedRead MorePathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Mellitus1706 Words   |  7 Pages Diabetes Mellitus Nathalie Dao Med 2056 VN FT030 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper Ms. Annabelle Anglo 3/16/2015 â€Æ' EXPLANATION OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The pathophysiology of the two types of Diabetes Mellitus are described by Schilling (2010). Type 1 Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus starts with a viral infection or other triggering condition that forms antibodies that destroy the beta cells within the pancreas. This causes the pancreas’ production of insulin to drop over time. InitiallyRead MorePathophysiology Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus845 Words   |  4 PagesPathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes One of the most common medical disorders of pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Diagnosing, treating, and managing health outcomes for the mother and baby can be challenging. The impact of GDM can be far reaching past the postpartum period, and can affect both mom and baby for years to come. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiology of GDM, explore the available treatments and discuss the impact and how education is essentialRead MoreIntegrative Pathophysiology Of Diabetes Mellitus1042 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrative Pathophysiology of Diabetes Narelle Fleming 30095474 Diabetes mellitus caused by lack of insulin production and/or insulin resistance can cause a variety of symptoms. Insulin resistance is a condition where insulin is produced by the body (Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes), but the body’s cells become resistant to insulin (Stoppler, 2014). In insulin resistance, glucose builds up in the blood, when normally it is absorbed by the body’s cells, where it is converted to energy, whichRead MorePathophysiology Of Diabetic Neuropathy And Diabetes1160 Words   |  5 PagesPathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects blood glucose levels. Diabetes is the loss of pancreatic metabolic activity that is responsible for the use of energy, which comes from glucose that an individual consumes. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 Diabetes is the failure of pancreas to secrete a hormone called insulin; responsible for the removal of glucose from the body to be used in the muscles for energy. Type 2 Diabetes is the failure of using theRead MoreThe Pathophysiology Of Type 1 Diabetes1395 Words   |  6 PagesType 1 diabetes is well known disease, some of us or someone we know are the victim of this chronic illness. There are controversial explanation such as, genetic susceptibility and in contrary, environmental factors that are viral infection, prenatal and neonatal influence, nitrate in drinking water, (Norris et al, 2003) early exposure to cow’s milk towards why the immune system destroy the insulin producing beta cell. In this essay, I will be discu ssing about the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetesRead MoreEssay on The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus2270 Words   |  10 PagesDM Type I II: 1 The Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition in the body that is related to a faulty metabolism. It means that the body’s metabolism is not functioning properly, which leads to adverse effects in the health. The food we ingest, gets broken down into blood sugar (glucose), which is what fuels our body in the form of energy. This converted glucose needs to enter our cells so that it can be used for energy and growth. And in order for the glucoseRead MoreDisease Pathophysiology And Treatment Of Diabetes Mellitus1464 Words   |  6 PagesDisease Pathophysiology and Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Rogelio Gonzales University of Texas Rio Grande Valley 1. Introduction â€Å"Diabetes mellitus, by far the most common of all endocrine disorders, is one of the foremost public health concerns confronting the world today. Over 23 million individuals in the United States, or 8% of the population, have diabetes. An estimated 17.5 million have been diagnosed, but 5.5 million (nearly one fourth) are unaware they have the disease† (Nelms

Streams of Silver 24. Eulogy for Mithril Hall Free Essays

The burning dragon drifted lower and lower, the light of the flames slowly diminishing to a mere speck at the bottom of Garumn’s Gorge. Drizzt scrambled up over the ledge and came up beside Catti-brie and Wulfgar, Catti-brie holding the gem-studded helm, and both of them staring helplessly across the chasm. The two of them nearly fell over in surprise when they turned to see their drow friend returned from the grave. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 24. Eulogy for Mithril Hall or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even the appearance of Artemis Entreri had not prepared Wulfgar and Catti-brie for the sight of Drizzt. â€Å"How?† Wulfgar gasped, but Drizzt cut him short. The time for explanations would come later; they had more urgent business at hand. Across the gorge, right next to the lever hooked to the bridge, stood Artemis Entreri, holding Regis by the throat before him and grinning wickedly. The ruby pendant now hung around the assassin’s neck. â€Å"Let him go,† Drizzt said evenly. â€Å"As we agreed. You have the gem.† Entreri laughed and pulled the lever. The stone bridge shuddered, then broke apart, tumbling into the darkness below. Drizzt had thought that he was beginning to understand the assassin’s motivations for this treachery, reasoning now that Entreri had taken Regis to ensure pursuit, continuing his own personal challenge with Drizzt. But now with the bridge gone and no apparent escape open before Drizzt and his friends, and the incessant baying of the shadow hounds growing closer at their backs, the drow’s theories didn’t seem to hold up. Angered by his confusion, he reacted quickly. Having lost his own bow back in the alcove, Drizzt grabbed Taulmaril from Catti-brie and fitted an arrow. Entreri moved just as fast. He rushed to the ledge, scooped Regis up by an ankle, and held him by one hand over the edge. Wulfgar and Catti-brie sensed the strange bond between Drizzt and the assassin and knew that Drizzt was better able to deal with this situation. They moved back a step and held each other close. Drizzt kept the bow steady and cocked, his eyes unblinking as he searched for the one lapse in Entreri’s defenses. Entreri shook Regis dangerously and laughed again. â€Å"The road to Calimport is long indeed, drow. You shall have your chance to catch up with me.† â€Å"You have blocked our escape,† Drizzt retorted. â€Å"A necessary inconvenience,† explained Entreri. â€Å"Surely you will find your way through this, even if your other friends do not. And I will be waiting!† â€Å"I will come,† Drizzt promised. â€Å"You do not need the halfling to make me want to hunt you down, foul assassin.† â€Å"‘Tis true,† said Entreri. He reached into his pouch, pulled out a small item, and tossed it into the air. It twirled up above him then dropped. He caught it just before it passed beyond his reach and would have fallen into the gorge. He tossed it again. Something small, something black. Entreri tossed it a third time, teasingly, the smile widening across his face as Drizzt lowered the bow. Guenhwyvar. â€Å"I do not need the halfling,† Entreri stated flatly and he held Regis farther out over the chasm. Drizzt dropped the magical bow behind him, but kept his glare locked upon the assassin. Entreri pulled Regis back in to the ledge. â€Å"But my master demands the right to kill this little thief. Lay your plans, drow, for the hounds draw near. Alone, you stand a better chance. Leave those two, and live! â€Å"Then come, drow. Finish our business.† He laughed one more time and spun away into the darkness of the final tunnel. â€Å"He’s out, then,† said Catti-brie. â€Å"Bruenor named that passage as a straight run to a door out of the halls.† Drizzt looked all around, trying to find some means to get them across the chasm. â€Å"By Bruenor’s own words, there is another way,† Catti-brie offered. She pointed down to her right, toward the south end of the cavern. â€Å"A ledge,† she said, â€Å"but hours of walking.† â€Å"Then run,† replied Drizzt, his eyes still fixed upon the tunnel across the gorge. By the time the three companions reached the ledge, the echoes of howls and specks of light far to the north told them that Duergar and shadow hounds had entered the cavern. Drizzt led them across the narrow walkway, his back pressed against the wall as he inched his way toward the other side. All the gorge lay open before him, and the fires still burned below, a grim reminder of the fate of his bearded friend. Perhaps it was fitting that Bruenor died here, in the home of his ancestors, he thought. Perhaps the dwarf had finally satisfied the yearning that had dictated so much of his life. The loss remained intolerable to Drizzt, though. His years with Bruenor had shown him a compassionate and respected friend, a friend he could rely upon at any time, in any circumstance. Drizzt could tell himself over and over that Bruenor was satisfied, that the dwarf had climbed his mountain and won his personal battle, but in the terrible immediacy of his death, those thoughts did little to dispel the drow’s grief. Catti-brie blinked away more tears, and Wulfgar’s sigh belied his stoicism when they moved out across the gorge that had become Bruenor’s grave. To Catti-brie, Bruenor was father and friend, who taught her toughness and touched her with tenderness. All of the constants of her world, her family and home, lay burning far below, on the back of a hell-spawned dragon. A numbness descended over Wulfgar, the cold chill of mortality and the realization of how fragile life could be. Drizzt had returned to him, but now Bruenor was gone. Above any emotions of joy or grief came a wave of instability, a tragic rewriting of heroic images and bard-sung legends that he had not expected. Bruenor had died with courage and strength, and the story of his fiery leap would be told and retold a thousand times. But it would never fill the void that Wulfgar felt at that moment. * * * They made their way across to the chasm’s other side and raced back to the north to get to the final tunnel and be free of the shadows of Mithril Hall. When they came again into the wide end of the cavern, they were spotted. Duergar shouted and cursed at them; the great black shadow hounds roared their threats and scratched at the lip of the other side of the gorge. But their enemies had no way to get at them, short of going all the way around to the ledge, and Drizzt stepped unopposed into the tunnel that Entreri had entered a few hours earlier. Wulfgar followed, but Catti-brie paused at the entrance and looked back across the gorge at the gathered host of gray dwarves. â€Å"Come,† Drizzt said to her. â€Å"There is nothing that we can do here, and Regis needs our help.† Catti-brie’s eyes narrowed and the muscles in her jaw clenched tightly as she fitted an arrow to her bow and fired. The silver streak whistled into the crowd of Duergar and blasted one from life, sending the others scurrying for cover. â€Å"Nothing now,† Catti-brie replied grimly, â€Å"but I’ll be comin’ back! Let the gray dogs know it for truth. â€Å"I’ll be back!† How to cite Streams of Silver 24. Eulogy for Mithril Hall, Essay examples

Statement of Purpose

Question: Discuss about the Statement of Purpose. Answer: Introduction: Accounting is a field that I had fascination from my higher school days. Most of my family members are engaged in professions of accounting that have inspired me to frame my career in this field. When I was in my graduation days, I used to help my father in his work regarding stock markets, other financial instruments, and managing a portfolio of equities. This had helped me in gaining a deeper understanding of different financial instruments. In fact, my father provides me the first lesson about the stock market. However, this is the turning point of my career life. I had made my mind choose accounting and finance as my career option. While pursuing my career I have experienced many challenging and exciting events. I have understood that investment professionals are responsible for analyzing risks and managing assets while ensuring the future success of the particular organization. I have opted Bachelor of Administrative Science with significant accounting in King Saudi University R iyadh and dreamt of working in Capital Market Authority (CMA). While studying, I had done an internship in the year of 2011 from Mobility where I had focused on individual function units of accounting in the company. Internship during my bachelor days is the starting of my career. However, I have worked for dew months, but it was a great experience and an incredible exposure of learning about basics of accounting. After completing my graduation in King Saudi University, I worked there as a faculty in international finance reporting standards. The most important aspect while teaching students at the University is preparing various developing instructional programs and course material adhering to comprehensive and accuracy. This facilitates students with vivid learning exposures while overall development of their learning process. I have worked in Saudi Industrial Development Fund. In that organization, I build and format Excel reports from data collected from different financial information and imported reports. After that, accounting and processing financial transaction of loan payments. While working in this organization, I had earned a good experience and basic knowledge about necessary financing and accounting in organizational perspective. To enhance my skills of expertise and knowledge base, I had decided to pursue masters in this field. Hence, in the year 2015, I had completed my master degree in Accountancy. The area of specialization was financial and audit. Earning a master degree in this particular domain helped me enriching my knowledge and experience in finance and accounting. It acts as a compliment for my bachelors degree in accounting. My background in accounting in both studies and job provided me significant concepts of theories of financing along with its practical implications in organizations. My part time work enhanced me in gathering knowledge about the prospects of the field. While working in groups, I have learned what is happening in the world of finance. By conducting extensive research and consulting my senior officials, I collected information about the growth and scope of the sector in a particular field. My research about the framework of the financial sector is in the stock market. As an international student, I had a dream in working in CMA from my undergraduate days. To fulfill this dream, now I have decided to pursue a GDP program for enhancing my knowledge in stock market and other financial instruments that are still unknown to me. Apart from having a master degree in Accounting from Cleveland State University, I have decided to complete the nine months GDP program that will enhance my skills in the financing and accounting sector. The GDP program is formulated for the professionals for providing a global recognition of the degree offered by the Institute. The program is usually opting completion of the GDP program will help me in securing a good position in CMA, my dream company. Throughout my career life Apart from performing my duties in organizations, I have searched for better opportunities and scope of career in the stock market of Saudi Arabia. My desire of learning abou t stock market of Saudi has encouraged me to pursue different professional certified courses that will add value to my list of expertise. The stock market of Saudi Arabia is a booming market with ample of opportunities for financial growth. Capital Markets Authority is a government organization of Saudi Arabia that regulates capital markets of Saudi Arabia. The company is focused on administrative independence, legal, and financial departments while reporting to Prime Minister of the country. The organization formulates many regulations related to capital markets along with other financial instruments. However, there are various divisions of the company such as market supervision, enforcement, issuance corporate finance and capital market institutions control. Among the four categories, my area of preference is the last one i.e. the Department of the capital market. However, to get a higher designation in the company many skills and competencies, various skill sets are required. The market is very competitive in nature. Hence, I am planning to increase my skills. Information about the company background as well as fin ancial market, the capital market should be kept up to date. Since, the market is volatile in nature, the value of stocks, equity and other financial instruments are regularly changing. It is crucial for a financial professional to keep himself updated about every detail about capital markets. I have planned many things for acquiring a deserving position in my dream company. Learning has no ending. I usually engage myself in the continuous learning process of different things about capital and stock markets. My immediate planning is to complete a graduation development program in the field of accounting. On completion of the program, I will be able to enter CMA without any complications. The basic criteria for getting a position in the organization are more or less covered by me. However, in my near future, I have a planning to become a certified public accountant along with Scopa as an international employee to broaden my opportunity in the field of accounting. I hope my grasp of knowledge gathering and my qualifications will be suitable for joining the organization. Bibliography Al-Malkawi, H.A.N., Pillai, R. and Bhatti, M.I., 2014. Corporate governance practices in emerging markets: The case of GCC countries.Economic Modelling,38, pp.133-141. Al-Malkawi, H.A.N., Twairesh, A.E. and Harery, K., 2013. Determinants of the Likelihood to Pay Dividends: Evidence from Saudi Arabia.Journal of American Science,9(12), pp.518-528. Al-Matari, Y.A., Al-Swidi, A.K., Fadzil, F.H.B., Fadzil, H. and Al-Matari, E.M., 2012. Board of Directors, Audit Committee Characteristics and the Performance of Saudi Arabia Listed Companies.International Review of Management and Marketing,2(4), p.241. Alzomaia, T.S., 2014. Capital structure determinants of publicly listed companies in Saudi Arabia.The International Journal of Business and Finance Research,8(2), pp.53-67. Ghabayen, M.A., 2012. Board characteristics and firm performance: Case of Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,2(2), p.168. Held, D. and Ulrichsen, K. eds., 2013.The transformation of the Gulf: politics, economics and the global order. Routledge. Jouini, J., 2013. Return and volatility interaction between oil prices and stock markets in Saudi Arabia.Journal of Policy Modeling,35(6), pp.1124-1144. Robertson, C.J., Diyab, A.A. and Al-Kahtani, A., 2013. A cross-national analysis of perceptions of corporate governance principles.International Business Review,22(1), pp.315-325.

Paintings Essays - Visual Arts, Court Painters, Christian Art

Paintings Humanities Through the Arts Essay #1 Giotta, 1312: Madonna Enthroned (1st. Painting) Francisco Goya: May 3, 1808 in the Padro, Madrid I found the Giotta, Madonna Enthroned painting to be the most interesting because the power and love the painting displays. The personal values in this particular painting, such as the colors caught my eye because; the colors in this painting are almost bronzed. To me bronzed shows heroism. A very rich colored painting with the golden brown colors mixed with some blues and deeper browns, and just a touch of red gives this particular painting character. It also shows how old this painting is. Another way color works in this painting is the dark, bold, black gown that is being worn on Madonna stands out and shows power as a mother. The child on her lap in this painting has a bold face stare just as the mom does. Showing how serious and disciplined it was in those times between mother and child. The prophets in the painting are surrounding the mother and child and looking up at the two prophets holding crowns. They seem to almost be looking up in prayer. There are two angels kneeling at the bottom of the throne. The angels show how holy and sacred the mother and child are together. The angels are protecting and watching over. I see equality in this painting and I also see prestige and honor. The subject matter or furnishings of this painting by Giotto, Madonna Enthroned, is here, rather than hereafter. Showing prayer and authority with the crowns and the baby on their lap, these particular paintings subject matter is one of holy and sacred closeness. The content or meaning created by the relationship between form and subject matter is clearly Christian. Religious feeling is not as strong in this one painting, as it is in two others in the book, by Cimabue and Coppo. It is almost as though the mother in the painting, Madonna, shows independence by the look on her face and the stare in her eyes, so the sacred angels and prophets will no longer be in control. The human values this painting represents are the bond between mother and child. The value of a bond and the love shared among those around them. These values relate to my personal values because I can relate to the bond between two loved ones. The values of the current time period from them till now are not much different between Christian moms and children. The practice of religion and prayer are two similar aspects in today's society. The second painting I chose, is the painting created by, Francisco Goya, The Prado, Madrid. I found this painting to be the least interesting or appealing to me. I was not able to relate much to this painting because of the time in when it took place. The wars and executions show survival, yes. But, also fighting and hatred and that is not anything that I can relate to. The personal values such as color in the painting were very dark and drab. Showing darkness in the painting could refer to how the men being executed may have felt. The deep grays and black colors are in this painting and what looks like blood underneath bodies is red. The flickering lantern shines bright on the men to be executed. The interpretation of the people in this painting is that of prisoners and soldiers. The men about to be executed seem to be on their knees with arms in the air, just kneeling there hopeless, and powerless probably frightened to death. Some men are burying their faces because they do not want to see what is coming. The subject matter of Goya's painting is simply one word, execution or death. The men that are going to be executed have nowhere to go, the mountain behind them shows us that they are trapped and are for sure going to be executed. The content or interpretation of Goya's painting created by the relationship between form and subject matter is a setting of back in wartime. The event that takes place in this specific painting is only shooting and execution, also Terrified prisoners and bold, powerful, soldiers that have executed already and are about to execute more

Civil Rights Movement Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Civil Rights Movement Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Civil Rights Movement African Americans have overcome many struggles as well as obstacles in the early years which have still not been terminated. African Americans have fought for freedom from enslavement, the right to earn a living, have land and a job, have equal justice, good quality education, to escape from oppression, the right to self pride and an end to stereotyping. Blacks everywhere got fed up with being treated as if they were inferior and slaves, so they banded together to form a movement. Not just any kind of movement, but a movement that would see victories as well as violence and death. That movement was the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement had a major goal, and that goal was to end discrimination based on race, creed, color, and gender, and to put an end to segregation. Its' supporters aimed for equality of all people and for the integration of society. The previously mentioned goals were achieved by many different means. The movement had its share of leaders, events, and strategies that helped to reach its' goals. There was a fair share of success and failures that accompanied the Civil Rights Movement. I believe that there were a few amendments that helped blacks to gain some of their rights in the future. Some of those amendments were the 13th and 14th amendment. The 13th amendment abolished servitude everywhere in the U.S. and declared that congress shall have power to enforce this outcome by appropriate legislation. The 14th amendment conferred citizenship on the freedman and prohibited states from abridging their constitutional privileges and immunities. It also barred any state from taking a persons life, liberty, and property without due process of law and from denying equal protection of laws. When these amendments were passed I think it gave many blacks the courage to express themselves and stand up for what they believe in. The rise of the modern civil rights movement was when a group of first- year students from North Carolina and Agricultural and Technical College decided to seat themselves at a segregated lunch counter and refused to leave until the were served. They took the advice of nonviolence from a great leader named Martin Luther King Jr.(who will be talked about in later paragraphs). With these four men doing this each and every day they gained support of many other black students as well as some white students. These boys actions started sit-ins in hundreds of cities. In the result of this act many blacks were arrested, beaten, jailed, deprived of their jobs, intimidated, and some even killed. With all this happening the government was forced to protect many black Americans and to guarantee them their rights. In order to enforce these rights federal legislati ons were passed, public facilities such as transportation and waiting rooms were now desegregated and blacks finally gained back their access to the polling booth. There have been some white people who have been involved in the civil rights movement such as a man named John Brown. He led a slave revolt and was considered a fanatic by other whites and a martyr by the people whose cause he campaigned. 1 A lot of whites that did help blacks in their struggle for freedom were intimidated and abused by others, but that never made them give up. In the Supreme court cases Plessy vs- Ferguson and in the Brown case many of the decisions that were made combined to produce the Montgomery movement, which will be talked about in the following paragraph. Supreme Court decisions, as in the case of Brown vs. Topeka board of education of 1954, also helped in bringing the blacks one step closer to achieving their goals. The separate-but-equal doctrine was first established in 1896, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Plessy vs. Ferguson that the separation of races is constitutional as long as equal accommodations are made for each race. The ruling in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education overturned the Plessy ruling. It stated that separate educational facilities were unequal and unconstitutional. Schools all over the country then began to integrate their student body. The Supreme Court had ruled that deliberately created segregation would place a psychological inferiority on the black

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills

Approaches to Teaching Listening Skills Among the other four skills, listening is the one that has been most forgotten and neglected in second language classrooms. So teachers don’t pay much attention to this skill and teach it carelessly. In the field of language teaching and learning proficiency has tended to be viewed as the ability of speaking and writing in language in question. Listening and reading skills are in the second position. One reason for this situation might be the demanding characteristic of the listening skill. Listening has gained a new importance in language classrooms after spreading IT technology based information in society in Iran. Moreover it should be mentioned that most of the students’ class time is devoted to the listening. Despite this, we often take importance of listening for granted, and it is the most overlooked skill among other skills. In natural order of learning any language, listening stands at first rank. Without any reception one can not produce anything. Though, if a teacher wants to have fluent and productive students, he/she should pay much and necessary attention to teaching listening skill. Listening Some of the teachers believe that speaking should be actively discouraged. One of the reasons of emphasizing listening and delaying speaking is based on an opinion. Those who give importance to speaking view the language as a product and think that language is a behavior and speaking is the manifestation of this learning or happening. On the contrary, there are approaches that gave more importance to listening Nation, Newton (2009). in this approach of language learning , listening is at the center. All of the information necessary for building up the knowledge for using language comes from receptive skills: listening, and reading. When the knowledge of language in this regard is built the learner can write and speak. In other words, with out any input, the outcome or output should be nothing. Gray and Gray (1981) described the benefits of del aying speaking and concentrating on listening. These benefits include the following: † 1. The learner is not overloaded by having to focus on two or more skills at the same time-a cognitive benefit. 2. Speed of coverage -receptive knowledge grows faster than productive knowledge. 3. It is easy to move very quickly to realistic communicative listening activities. 4. L earners will not feel shy or worried about their language classes. Having to speak a foreign language, particularly when you know very little, can be a frightening experience. 5. Listening activities are well studied to independent learning through listening to readings.† Critics believe that producing a language is not sufficient for learning. In language learning substantial quantities of receptive activity should be included in the mind for future use. To speak communicatively and to convey and understand the meaning, one should have a previous language knowledge and information in his/her mind. Models of listening Traditionally listening was viewed as a passive skill through which the listener or hearer received information sent by message senders. More recently listening is viewed as an active and interpretive process by which the message is not fixed but is made or created by participants. (Newton,Nation.2009)

To what degree are contemporary political systems shaped by history Essay

To what degree are contemporary political systems shaped by history Answer with reference to two states studied - Essay Example The first of these compliments will be with regards to the historical occurrences that took place in the second will be with regard to the manner through which these historical occurrences at impacted upon a sense of identity and purpose with respect to governance and the means through which power is evidenced. Beyond merely describing to culturally dissimilar nations, it is the hope of this author that the analysis will also provide a level of comparison with respect to the way in which similar historical experienced has coalesced to create a shared interpretation on many fronts that might otherwise not be exhibited. Firstly, taking the case of the Russian Federation, the analyst can see that this particular entity grew out of the members of the former Soviet Union. Tracing this back even further, the reader can determine that the Soviet Union was the results of economic and political pressures that the Russian Empire was unable to address. Accordingly, it would of course be possible to trace the historical impact of Russian governance back to the era of prehistory; however, for purposes of this analysis, the discussion will only go this far as the czarist era. The Russian Empire began to take shape as the Mongol Empire and its accordance of horsemen began to recede throughout Eurasia. For centuries, the Mongol horde had dominated Russian land and demanded Steve attributes each and every season. The level of complete and total control that the Mongols were able to wield over Russians created a unique Eastern identity that helps to separate Russians from the remainder of culturally and linguistic ally similar Europeans. Following the example of government and control that the Mongols had exhibited, the first czars utilized a very totalitarian approach to organizing the early Russian Empire. Furthermore, utilizing the power vacuum that was left by the Mongol Empire, the first czars took advantage of this